The suggestion of using perforated cards had been proposed by John Shaw Billings, inspired on automatic weaving machines and on other similar mechanic devices. Most previous computers or calculators had been only mechanic, some had been electro-mechanic, but all of them using numbering base of ten by means of pinion wheels (in the mechanic devices), or of electric relais (in the electro-mechanic devices). 1938: Z-2, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, keyboard for input and panel of lights for output, plus perforated film strips for input or output, by Konrad Zuse. Ten Colossus I were built, all of them disassembled in 1946. 1944: the London Times uses the term "computer", in reference to machines capable of performing complex calculations or other intellectual operations. 1937-1940: Complex Number Calculator, electro-mechanic computer for adding, substracting, multiplying or dividing, using numbering base of two and magnetic relais, by George Stibitz (Bell Telephone), in collaboration with Samuel Williams. SECOND COMPUTER USING NUMBERING BASE OF TWO. 1930: following the ideas that had been explained by Wilhelm Gottfried Von Leibnitz in 1676-1679, Couffignal suggests that calculator machines (or computers) should use a numbering base of two instead of using a numbering base of ten. In 1867 Charles Sanders Peirce suggested that the system could be applied to electric circuits, while Claude Shannon explained in 1936 how this application could be done.

1977: Apple II, microcomputer of 8 bits (Apple Computer Corporation), based on MOS Technology 6502. 1977: David Clark and his group at the Massachussets Institute of Technology demonstrate that TCP/IP can be simplified for operating with microcomputers, producing a first implementation for the Alto of Xerox at Palo Alto Research Centre (first personal work station and graphic operating system), and in 1981 a second implementation for IBM Personal Computer. 1961: field effect transistor by Steven Hofstein, that made possible the development of MOS transistor (Metallic Oxid Semiconductor) by R. C. A. July 1961: essay on the theory of packet interchange for computer networks, by Leonard Kleinrock (Massachussets Institute of Technology). 1940: Enigma, German machine to cipher or decipher military codes, used for secret communications between headquarters and field commanders. It was applied in Britain to decipher German secret communications, mostly those produced by the German Enigma machine. Never built, the expensive project was refused by the German Government in 1940, and the two inventors had to abandon it definitely in 1942, in order to concentrate on perfecting the more modest Z-3 computer, and in creating the Z-4 computer.

1941-1943: Colossus I, FIRST FULLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (of bigger size than the ABC, the Z-3 or the Z-4), using numbering base of ten, perforated paper bands, and 2 000 vacuum tubes, by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and others. 1943-1946: ENIAC, Electronic Numeric Integrator Analyser and Computer, SECOND FULLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (of much bigger size than the ABC, the Z-3, the Z-4 or the Colossus I), by Presper Eckert in collaboration with John Mauchly (-1980) (Moore Engineering School, University of Pennsylvania), and in collaboration with John Von Neumann (1903-1957) (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, not to confuse with Max Newman). SECOND PARTLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER THAT BECAME FULLY OPERATIONAL (the ABC of Atanasoff and Berry had never been finished). About 1945: As We May Think, essay by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Director of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development), describing a computer aided hyper text system that he named "Memex", able to find linked information and to insert easily new information by its different users.

1854: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, algebraic system for enunciators of formal logic, by George Boole. Most advanced computers built since the mid 1940's are fully electronic, although purely mechanical or electro-mechanical counters or calculators were built until the 1970's. 1847: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, essay by George Boole. Renamed Unix, it was rewritten by its original authors: by Kenneth Thompson in 1972 and by Dennis Ritchie in 1974, becoming fully operational in 1974 and open source in 1978. From the 1970's to the early 2000's a number of open source systems based on Unics were created, such as various BSD systems, plus GNU Hurd, Linux, Minix, Open Solaris, what is billiards and others. An historical court decision in 1972 recognised that this computer had at least been an inspiration for building some other computers. It would have been the first hardware programmable mechanic arithmetic (digital) computer, but because it was only built in 1991, that honour corresponds to computers built in the 1930's. The majority of operational computers of advanced concept, in numbering base of two, which were built in the 1930's and until the mid 1940's, were electro-mechanic rather than purely mechanic.

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